The Great Gatsby Luhrmann v. Fitzgerald free essay sample

From super evildoer Tom Buchanan, to a modernistic, rap party, the Great Gatsby, directed by Baz Luhrmann, contrasts the written version of the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald in many ways. This contrast provided by the movie creates a different interpretation of the intended meaning and importance of the characters, scenes, and images in the written version. This is evident through the emphasis or importance of certain characters and the relationships between some characters, the modern, rap-filled soundtrack of the movie and the placement of those songs, and the different portrayal of Daisy and Tom Buchanan. In addition, the movie adaptation also leaves out a few important scenes that deem necessary to the plot. The movie and book relate in many ways, but it’s the small changes from the text to the movie that affect the interpretation that someone may have. The significance of changing the interpretation is that it can spin a new meaning and way of thinking about the con tent of the text or movie. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby: Luhrmann v. Fitzgerald or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page First, the movie adaptation of the Great Gatsby begins with the symbolic green light that Gatsby fixates upon and the appearance of one of the narrator, Nick Carraway in â€Å"The Perkins Sanitarium†. Nick tells the entire story and writes the book in this sanitarium. Like the movie, the text begins with background story of Nick and how he ended up living next door to the mysterious, wealthy Gatsby. But, the difference in the beginnings can skew the interpretations between the movie and text. The text insinuates that Nick Carraway is the main character and focuses on the way that Nick judges and feels towards certain characters. On the other hand, the movie implies that Nick is just a â€Å"morbid alcoholic†, writer that is telling the love-filled, mysterious, story of Gatsby. The movie reverts back to Nick in the sanitarium and focuses in on the always-appearing green light. This approach by the movie can change the view and interpretation of the viewers. For example, if the movie focuses more on Nick simply being the writer of Gatsby’s story, then it leaves out the texts’ intention of having Nick not only being the narrator, but also being a mediator of judgments. In the movie, Nick doesn’t often explain or show how he actually feels towards the characters, while in the book Nick clearly describes the appearance of other characters and these descriptions depict how he judges or feels about that person. For instance, in the movie Tom and Nick appear to be best friends at the beginning. They greet each other with smiles, nicknames, and stories, whereas in the text, Nick describes Tom’s appearance as, â€Å"Two shining arrogant eyes had established dominance over his face and have him the appearance of always leaning aggressively forward†¦It was a body capable of enormous leverage a cruel body†(Fitzgerald.7). This difference in interpretation between the text and movie creates contrast between th em. The movie portrays Tom as an extreme evildoer, but Nick doesn’t seem to notice at the beginning, while from the start in the text, Tom appears to Nick as a threatening, hulking person. These changes with the views each medium has between the two characters of Tom and Nick affects the overall message of Nick. Nick, in the text, is seen as being more than just a writer or narrator, but the person who determines how one would feel towards other characters. The text focuses immediately on the hulking Tom through Nick’s words, while the movie allows the viewer to gradually feel a certain way towards Tom’s character because Nick doesn’t react in a disapproving way at the beginning. Next, between the movie and the text there are some relatively minor, but still important, scenes that are left out or changed. This can affect the overall message and interpretation of the adaptation. First, in the text there is evidence of a relationship between Nick and Jordan Baker. The text alludes to this relationship often and describes it in chapter three and Nick said once, â€Å"Her gray, sun-stained eyes stared straight ahead, but she had deliberately shifted our relations, and for a moment I though I loved her†(Fitzgerald.58). This mention of a relationship between Jordan and Nick in the text and not in the movie further affirms that the movie adaptation focuses almost entirely on the story of Gatsby and does not take notice to Jordan Baker, or Nick’s relationship to her. In addition, the movie adaptation eliminated two scenes that seemed important to the overall meaning of the written version. The first scene deals with the importance of the attendance of Owl Eyes and Gatsby’s father at the funeral is that there was at least a few people who respected, if not cared for, who Gatsby was or what he was about. Owl Eyes, in the text, was the man in the library who appreciated Gatsby’s books, but, although he still was in the library looking at the books, the movie implies that Owl Eyes did not believe that Gatsby is made-up. In the movie, neither Owl Eyes nor Gatsby’s dad attended the funeral. Nick says, â€Å"But not a single one of the sparkling hundreds that enjoyed his hospitality, attended the funeral†(Luhrmann.The Great Gatsby). This changes the overall interpretation from the text that at least someone, other than Nick, cared about what Gatsby was and who he was as a person. Secondly, the importance of the scene with Mr. Mckee is that it adds speculation that Nick is gay. This scene is present in the text to add that speculation and spark questioning within the reader. On the other hand, the movie omits this scene, keeping the viewers from speculating and questioning Nick’s sexuality. In the film, the soundtrack seems to represent the intention of Fitzgerald, or Nick’s, tone in the text well. Although the soundtrack is flooded with rap music that further modernizes the movie, the music is placed in correct spots and, overall, adds a lot to the scenes. When added to the modern party scenery, the contemporary rap allows us to interpret the extravagance of the parties and the mansion that the text intended. It is based in the Roaring Twenties and the movie, for showman’s sake, adds the rap music to appease the viewers instead of sticking with the music of that time. The music may contrast the time period, but the message is clear and the placing of the songs is precise and suitable. The significance of omitting these scenes and using this soundtrack is to change the interpretation that viewer would have in opposition to the text and the movie succeeds in doing this due to the missing love life of Nick, the absences of certain characters at the funeral, and the avoidance of speculation of Nick’s sexuality. Finally, the portrayals of Daisy and Tom display the most change from the text to the movie. Daisy, in the text, is described as having a â€Å"voice that the ear follows up and down†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Fitzgerald.9), a face that was â€Å"lovely with bright things in it†(Fitzgerald.9), but, looking past her physical description, she proved to be an insincere and indecisive person. To contrast, in the movie, up until the point where Daisy kills Myrtle, she appears as innocent. For example, she does not display her enticing voice or bright eyes, but rather, her soft, discreet voice and quiet eyes. It is her physical appearance and voice that makes her appear as innocent in the movie. This is present in the scene where she is explaining her daughter to Nick. Her facial expression and tone of voice indicate an innocent feeling, but the movie differs from the book because it leaves out the part where she nonchalantly gives the baby to the nanny. Her innocence is not supported and she comes off as a phony in the text, but in the movie she is quiet, victimized, and appears as an innocent instrument of Tom and Gatsby’s relentless battle for her love. Tom is depicted as a supervillian in the movie. The text did portray Tom slightly as a bad guy, but not to the extent that the movie did. In the scene in the text where George is mourning his wife’s murder, Tom does not directly state whose car it was; however, in the film, Tom said it was Gatsby’s car and then said, â€Å"Gatsby†¦somethin’ ought to be done about a fella like that†(Luhrmann.The Great Gatsby). Tom displays his villainy in this scene and plants the image of murder into George’s head. The movie uses Tom as an image of evil and the book differs to the extent of how wicked Tom actually is. The film overblows the intended interpretation of Tom from the book and twists his character to fit the modern-day hero and villain movi e standard. To conclude, there are many similarities and differences between the film and book of The Great Gatsby, but the changes that are made to the film distort and adjust the viewers’ interpretation of many scenes and characters. Tom’s villainy, for example, was a main scene that distorted the intention of the text. The movie changed both the way that I saw Tom and Daisy and my view on what Nick would become after Gatsby’s death.

Social Dimensions in management essays

Social Dimensions in management essays 2.0 Managers ¡ responsibility in the office and in society. 3.0 Employees ¡ responsibility in the office and in society. 5.0 Who is affected and to what degree. - Management is the process of planning, organizing and staffing, directing and controlling activities in an organization in a systematic way in order to achieve a specific goal. From time in memorial, society has undergone the management process. For example, in the African context, the chiefs led the clan and either the Prince or a Chief Warrior led the warriors. Comparing this scenario to the Western world, take for example Britain and Spain was and is led by the Queen and King respectively while the United States was and is led by a President. From the above it is a clear indication that they were appointed and had responsibilities and duties (as clear as any organization would refer to its leaders). Social dimensions in management refer to both the societal changes as well as managerial changes that affect the working environment. This paper is written to tackle these changes from all angles. 2.0 Manager ¡s responsibility in the office and in society. A manager ¡s responsibility both in the office and out there is to uphold his duties both as an employee of an organization and as a member of society. Society is fundamentally based upon performance and profit, it is not unusual to find that it is necessary to impart a sense of corporate responsibility with regard to contemporary commerce. The ethical approaches of purpose, principle and consequence are integral components of business social performance; itemizing these contributions finds one incorporating the interests of ethics and morality within the corporate structure, essential concepts that are often absent from a managerial viewpoint. However, corporate social responsibility should rightly exist within every company ¡s infrastructure. Social ...

Leaderhip and Management in Resusitation Essay

Leaderhip and Management in Resusitation - Essay Example 2013, ‘Effects of team coordination during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A systematic review of the literature’, Jounal of Critical Care, 28(4), pp. 504- 521. 47 Cooper, S & Wakelam, A, 1999, ‘Leadership of resuscitation teams: ‘Lighthouse Leadership’, Resuscitation, 42(1), pp. 27 -45. 47 Daft, R.L. 2000, Management. 5th ed. Philadelphia: The Dryden Press. 47 Dyson, E., & Smith, G. B. 2002, ‘Common faults in resuscitation equipment—guidelines for checking equipment and drugs used in adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation’, Resuscitation, 55(2), pp. 137 -149. 48 Jarman, H. 2009, ‘Sharing expertise—Using clinical nursing rounds to improve UK emergency nursing practice’, Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 12 (3), pp. 73 -77. 48 Sarcevic, A., Marsic, I., Waterhouse, L.J., Stockwell, D.C., & Burd, R.S, 2011, ‘Leadership structures in emergency care settings: A study of two trauma centers’, Internationa l Journal of Medical Informatics, 80(4), pp. 227 – 238. 51 Sarcevic, A., Palen, L.A., & Burd, R.S., 2011, ‘Coordinating Time-Critical Work with Role-Tagging’, CSCW, pp. 465 – 474. 51 Sellgren, S., Ekvall. G., & Tomson, G. 2006, ‘Leadership styles in nursing management: preferred and perceived’, Journal of Nursing Management, 14, pp. 348 -355. 51 Settervall, C.H., Domingues Cde, A., Sousa, R.M., & Nogueira Lde, S. 2012, ‘Preventable trauma deaths’, Rev Saude Publica, 46, pp. 367–375 51 Svavarsdottir, H. , &  Brattebo, G. 2011, ‘Team training – The BEST approach to continuing education in resuscitation', Clin Pediatr, 50 (9), pp. 807 – 815. 51 transactional leadership: Similarities, differences, and correlations with job satisfaction 52 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1 Theoretical Framework p. 10 Figure 2 Servant Leadership and Nursing p. 26 Figure 3 Servant-Leader: Model p. 28 Figure 4 Resuscitation Officer’s Functions p. 29 Figure 5 Resuscitation Officer as Servant-Leader p. 35 Figure 6 Resuscitation Officer as Nursing Leader p. 42 Table 1 Comparison p. 25 Table 2 The Commonality p. 43 Resuscitation Department: Nurse Leadership and Management 1. Introduction Emergency and Resuscitation Department (ERD) is considered as the face of the hospital (Nugus and Braithwaite, 2010). They provide the initial care that the patient requires, whether it is an injury that is life threatening or an illness that needs immediate medical attention. In this condition, emergency and resuscitation department is considered as one of the most stressful section of the hospital. Since, in the midst of high tension because of the heightened vulnerated condition of the patient (Rosen et al., 2008), the healthcare team must provide proper resuscitation measures in order ensure that no valuable time is lost in saving the patient (Svavarsdottir  and Brattebo, 2010). Loss of time and error in the R esuscitation Department are paid dearly by the patient’s increased risk of morbidity (Rosen et al., 2008). In this scenario, there is an incessant demand for the healthcare team in the ERD to hone not only their specific individual and professional skills, but that they should learn to coordinate and work effectively as a team (Cooper and Wakelam, 1999; Sarcevic, Marsic, Waterhouse, Stockwell, and Burd, 2011). The high stress scenario of ERD is not an imagined reality. In fact, it is an actuality that is encountered daily by

Congress Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Congress - Coursework Example If not, the whole process will be repeated again. It is, therefore, estimated that only 10 percent of the bills are processed ahead and becomes a law. It is necessary for a bill to go through three houses such as committee consideration, floor debates and conference committees. Bill Every new bill is passed to committee consideration with a subject matter. The government officials and experts give their opinion on the particular. Later, the committee decides to forward the bill further to the floor. Floor debate is liable to set time and rules for the debate. Senators are allowed to speak on their desired bill without any time limit. Therefore, this rule is considered as a filibuster for stretching the duration of a bill. When the bill is controversial or important then it is moved forward to steering committee which is the third step. The bill is then passed to upper house and lower house again after which it moves to the president for final signature (ushistory.org, 2015). On March 30, 1995, Larry Pressler introduced a bill of telecommunication in American Senate. The Senate committee of commerce, science and transportation considered the bill and it was subsequently passed by the senate on June 15, 1995. On 12th October 1995, the House also passed the bill. The Bill of Telecommunication was signed by the president William J. Clinton on February 8, 1996 (Paglin, Hobson, & Rosenbloom,

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Questions - Essay Example This is especially useful in approach to new products because it involves seizing new opportunities after consideration of the company strengths. An evaluation seeks to check whether the implemented projects were effectively realized as per the original strategic visions. Overall objectives of a company can never be met in solitude. It takes shared resources as well as commitment. Experts from various departments and even outside companies and consultancy groups come together to manage the decisions that are sound to operations of the company. With their diverse backgrounds, they are able to make decisions valuable to a company visions. An organization may seek market leadership through a collection of methods such as low cost products of superior quality and great innovation. However, projects are the most outward methods that the organization can use to measure achievability of the objectives. A company may be efficient internally as well as externally and this can be seen from the way objectives are effectively met. Comprehensive scope analysis is very important planning technique. This is because it specifies the contents of the work as well as the outcomes of the project. Scope analysis helps put in mind the amount of resources required and the level and amount of activities required completing a project. A comprehensive scope analysis takes into account several steps to be put to mind to make sure that the success is guaranteed. At this stage, a conceptual development is put into account to make sure that the best methods of achieving the goals of the project are the ones that are primarily used. Scope analysis also has a scope statement which seeks to put a limit to the development level of the project that is required. With consideration of six important steps, with each step serving a specific purpose, the benefits of scope analysis

Osteoarthritis Care and Management | Case Study

Osteoarthritis Care and Management | Case Study INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis is a case of hip, spine and forearm fractures and injuries which is predominantly found in older people, unless otherwise. There is an increase in these fractures, injuries, morbidity and mortality rates in older people. In the 1990s, these numbered around 1.7 million worldwide and with rapid increases in the years that followed, it has been estimated around 8.2 million cases by 2050 (Cooper, 2006). Yaban (2006) made the staggering conclusion that 95% of hip fractures or injuries in old age people are caused by falls. Supporting these views, Arinzon (2007) went a little further by stating that post hip fracture disability among patients that initially survived hospitalisation is between 32-80% and that those in need of long term caring by skilled Nurses is 6-60%. MeeK et al (2002) and Abudu et al (2002) noted the series of complications that usually develop in patients after hip fracture or injury due to old age and that 10-35% of such patients died within the first year after an injury and 30% do suffer another fracture within a year. Mitigating these appalling problems, surgery is usually recommended for a total hip replacement (THR), especially in primary and secondary Osteoarthritis. Following surgery, many patients encountered problems, especially in their activities of daily life (ADL) as they are no longer able to climb chairs, lie down in bed, and get on and off transportation without the help of someone. As a result of this dependency, after discharge, total hip replacement patients need a proper arrangement of their home settings. The home setting is in conjunction with their new model of living (TML), which Roper in 1976 defined as those activities of living performed by individuals and care being provided throughout their lives. As Murphy et al (2002) admonished, the model did not only emphasis on individualism but also facilitates the planning of the care as a whole and the achievement of realistic and accessible goals in care. Holistic assessment of Ms Jane. On admission to the ward, Ms Sutcliffe is given a thorough assessment that involves the collection of her data regarding age, sex, chronic medical conditions, pre-fracture functional status, her type of fracture and operation, weight, pain perception and cognitive status. The assessment takes into account her psychological, physical and social preparation as all will play a major role in her recovery after surgery. The psychological assessment/preparation allows her to understand what she will experience during the acute phase of the surgery and during the process of recovery. This gives her ample time to prepare ahead and come to terms with whatever follows. Banduru (1997) made mentioned of self-efficacy beliefs, which are making exercises in order to achieve good outcome after surgery. There is also the provision of verbal and written information by Nurses to her before the surgery. Ayers et al (2004) regards physical preparation as a major life event and affects the outcome of the operation. This process underscores the point that patients that are more depressed before the surgery to have poorer pain relief after operation. On the other hand, Holman (2005)maintained patients with positive expectations before a hip operation have better physical outcomes and that those that work hard help the multidisciplinary team in achieving such outcomes. Social assessment looks at Ms Sutcliffe’s home circumstances and her ability to manage after the hip replacement operation. Chow (2001) refers to the patient’s home environment as very crucial in the recovery process and that there is no need for Jane to struggle in getting up from a chair, a bed, visiting the kitchen, going to toilet during the period her muscles are healing. There is a need for support in the areas of shopping, cleaning, cooking, laundry as there are no relatives or friends around her on daily basis. Escobar et al (2007) purported that the whole pathway of care from patients being listed for surgery, to the time of surgery and the recovery process are very complex and involves a lot of health professionals. Normally, before a patient is referred for hip replacement, should have some understanding of what the surgery entails. This gives them the chance to consider it or not. Some GPs do ensure that patients are physically fit before making a referral to an Orthopaedic Consultant. In the event the patient’s hip pain can no longer be managed, as in the case of Ms Jane, the Consultant can now refer to an Orthopaedic Surgeon. The preparation for surgery at the preoperative assessment clinic is considered to be long and should be undertaken earlier. That is, just when a patient’s name is added to the waiting list (Krouse, 2001). Normally, the process involves giving out a comprehensive booklet to Ms Jane to read at home to enable her understand what is required along the care pathway. In some instances, videos or DVDs containing details of the surgery provided for watching at home as well. The final stage of assessment is the preoperative assessment in the ward. It is a form of educational assessment, whereby the Nurse or any professional ensure earlier conditions do not change. They will screen for MRSA to check for infection and to see whether Ms Jane can cope with the surgery (Losina, 2008). According to Rowley (2001), Nurses in the unit/ward are to make sure that Jane is safely prepared for surgery through the help of a surgical safety checklist. A Medical condition With regards to the care the patient requires for Osteoarthritis, as the case with Ms Jane, is derived from the Integrated Care Pathways (ICP), which are structured multidisciplinary care plans that describe in detail each step in the care process. Zander (1998) looked at such care plans and concluded that they usually entail treatment protocols with the aim of standardising care. Inputs are not only from Nurses, but from paramedical and administrative staff as well. Parker et al (2002) maintained that in-hospital care for right hip replacement is a team effort, though Nurses are seen to be playing an all-embracing role throughout this period. In brief, Nurses are involved in assessment, emotional support, involvement of family members, technical and physical care, co-ordination and communication and therapy integration. This therefore made Kirkevold (1997) to conclude that the need for Nurses to work effectively within the multi-professional team is becoming increasingly vital, just as their contributions towards rehabilitation leading to the patients’ independence living. Post-operative care Thomas (2002) is of the view that the human body is always susceptible to physical, traumatic and medical situations that do adversely affect the breathing process. As a result of this, airway and breathing must be managed quickly and effectively to enable the continuous flow of oxygen, thereby preventing deaths. Airway management is the physical process which ensures the airway is open and clear to allow respiration to occur. Mastering or becoming proficient in the methods and tools for airway management by health professionals enhances the patient’s (Ms Sutcliffe) chances of survival after surgery. Nurses should observe for coughs, inspiratory crackles, and shallow respirations and decreased chest expansion. In addition, observe for pale mucous membrane as they are signs of pneumonia that usually create ineffective airway clearance. Breathing involves the process of air (oxygen) entering the body and then (carbon dioxide) expelled back into the environment. The conduit for such a process is through the airway. Such complex ways of managing airways by health professionals involves the opening, cleaning and delivering of supplementary oxygen for artificial ventilation-in cases of ineffective breathing by Jane after the surgery. Post-operative observation in relation to circulation normally looks at the main signs and symptoms of bleeding as soon as Ms Jane is brought to the ward after the surgery. There are tendencies for patients to be at risk after undergoing surgery. Problems such as hypovolenic shock as a result of loss of blood and fluids. Right hip replacement surgery requires bed rest post-operatively and normally places the patient at risk in relation to developing blood clots in the legs. When this occurs, the decreased volume within the circulating system cannot provide the much needed oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and can sometime results to death if not solved. As a care, the Nurses or health professionals should administer intravenous fluids to replace the lost volume and if blood is lost, packed red blood cells and platelets must be ordered for Ms Jane immediately. Pain Management Helme and Gibson (2001) asserted that pain and its consequence, especially functional limitations that interfere with individual daily activities and leading to poorer life, afflict about 25%-88% of elder people within communities worldwide. For pain management to be effective there must be accurate pain assessment. Many held the view that self-reporting of pain is an individual’s subjective perception and this may provide enough information for its management. With the elderly, their pain is usually undetected due to severe cognitive impairment. Sheppered et al (2010) argues that effective post-operative pain management relieves suffering and leads not only to shorter hospital stay but at the same time reduces hospital costs as well as earlier patient mobilisation. One goal many believe in the management of post-operative pain is to actually reduce the dose of medications in order to lessen side effects. Opioids are seen to be the first-line treatment for severe acute post-operative pain and the same scenario should apply to Ms Jane after undergoing the surgery. They are drugs use to lessen pain and use often to titrate against pain relief and to minimise unwanted effects to the patient. Other common methods use to manage post-operative pain include the taking of Codeine, Ibuprofen, intravenous narcotics like Morphine Sulphate, Paracetamol and even Opiate Fentanyl. According to Sheppered et al (2010), some of the side effects of Opiopds include vomiting, respiratory depression, constipation and itching which are mostly common. In such situations, healthcare professionals can reduce the effects by changing the dosing schedule of the patients, in this case Ms Jane, maintain constant blood levels through checking the manner in which drugs are given out and addition of other drugs to counteract any effects. Psychological Care Davidson et al (2008) are of the view that normally when psychological care is addressed in hospitals, entails what health professionals expect the patient to need rather than from the perspective of the individual and illness experience. Such a care should focus on assessments of Ms Jane’s understanding of her illness and the effect it will have on her life. Supporting this view, one is to draw his or her attention to the assertion that assessment of the patient’s illness beliefs as a daily practice can significantly increase his or her sense of wellbeing on discharge (Lau-Walker et al, 2008). After the surgery, hip replacement patient immediately start physical therapy as part of the psychological care. This is normally a minor exercise, involving sitting in a chair, the day after the surgery. What follows is stepping, walking, and climbing, with supportive devices like crutches. In this case, Ms Jane pain is being monitored during these exercises, as most often, there is some degree of discomfort. As Van den Akker-Scheek et al (2007) pointed out, psychological needs of hip replacement patients like acute pain after surgery can be addressed during the period of psychological care. At the pre-operative stage, the patient some time has already planned about such a pain and come to terms with it at this stage. Discharge details Discharge is a process and not an isolated thing and in this regard, must be planned for at the earliest opportunity. According to the Department of Health (2003), the above view is to ensure that patients and their carers understand and feel involved in the discharge arrangements. For any discharge to be detailed, the planning must involve communication, education, patient participation and collaboration and coordination. All such detailed planning must be instituted for Ms Jane. Olsen and Wagner (2000) maintained that effective communication is needed between Ms Jane, the patient, and the healthcare professionals for any meaningful discharge to take place. This kind of communication normally involves asking questions to her or relatives and getting answers. Through this process, inconsistencies are brought to light and clarified. At this stage of discharge planning, which may be verbal or written, information like the patient’s functional status, social support and environment status, are all addressed (Neuman, 2004). Bull and Roberts (2001) viewed communication as a complete circle as it involve community team in the arrangement of outpatient appointments, the GP and connecting again with the district Nurse. Education is all part of communication but Lin et al (2005) believed that the provision of instruction leaflets to the patient or the family sums the entire process. Garratt (2009) said of such leaflets to contain specific information of the patient’s needs and at the same time how to manage their ongoing care at home. Patients’ involvement and collaboration in their discharge is very essential and according to Pearson et al (2004) includes their practical arrangements for physically getting back to their homes, management at home and health professionals making them feel they are in control of their health. Such information is vital and discussing it jointly with Ms Jane makes the discharge planning very successful. All what has been discussed above will be meaningless without proper coordination. Therefore, Atwal (2002) purported that a key aspect of successful discharge planning is coordination and that without it, the entire process cannot be effective. For Atwal, there should be inter-professional working relationship between the Nurses and the Doctors for a successful discharge planning. Watts et al (2007) are of the view that there are normally disputes as to who does, and who should, carry out the discharge planning process. But where there is coordination, normally it is the bedside Nurse or primary Nurse that is responsible for coordinating discharge planning process (Gardner (2005). The issue of discharge is to be dealt with in the right manner just as Young et al (2005) warned, shorter hospital stays can result in older people experiencing right hip replacement being discharged in a state of incomplete recovery. They went on to suggest for a proper time table for such an activity and to be agreed upon by both the hospital authorities and the patient. Immediate care of the patient in the community. Contemporary health and social care policy across Europe and in the UK in particular, is focused on the provision of care in the community for older people with chronic illnesses and eventual surgery (DH, 2001). To this end, Themessl-Hubber et al (2007) suggested that awareness, expectations and perceptions of community services are steadily increasing in older people. According to Stoltz et al (2004), research has shown more responsibility for care provision is now placed on informal caregivers-unpaid family members, friends or neighbours. This is because older people perceived this informal segment as their best option as compared to formal support-services provided by health and social care in the community. However, Mahoney et al (2008) caution this claim as they pointed out that older people living alone and infrequently visited by family members are more likely to have poor outcomes following discharge. Relating this to Ms Jane, proper arrangement should be made for community c are so as to avoid the situation of having a poor outcome. One is to take not of the fact that she lives alone and not frequently visited by her children relatives and friends. Deniz et al (2005) warned that after hip replacement surgery, patients normally encounter problems such as climbing stairs, lie down in bed, walk and so on and thereby affecting their activities of daily living. As a result of these problems and many more, Bilik (2006) asserted that continuity of care is to be provided in their homes or communities. Such a community care emphasised on individualism so that Ms Jane can acquire independence in her activities of daily living. The Model of Living, according to Roper (1976), can be used to acquire this independence. In brief, the model focuses on eating and drinking, personal cleansing and dressing, mobilising, working and playing, breathing and control of body temperature. Where this model is properly used by those caring for her in the community, will not only allow her to live independently, assist in focusing on those problems she often experienced while recovering but complications can also be prevented. The removal of the sutures depends which ones are used in Ms Jane’s operation. If buried ones are used by the Surgeon, no need to be removed as they would dissolve in the body. The dressing also depends largely on whether the Surgeon uses stitches or staples. In any case, the wound needs to be kept covered and in the case of leakage from Ms Jane’s covered wound, the community worker should inform the appropriate authorities. Conclusion Post-operative care of elderly patients with hip fracture both in hospitals and in their communities can be carried out effectively when they are identified immediately at admission as high-risk patients. With this achieved, planning for their discharge to be done early and communicated well to all those involve in the care process. This is to allow them to move back confidently to their communities. Nurses’ role in the entire process of care appears to be extensive and always in a position to influence patient care. This is why it is expected of them to make a thorough assessment of patients, including their physical, mental and social conditions as soon as possible. Such a clinical history would help Nurses to transform care from defensive status to a more advanced care. However, even though assessment is a vital part of caring for hip replacement, majority have considered it to be of less importance wherein Nurses who carry it out do not inform their superiors in the care planning process. Moving away from the hospital environment, the importance of support provided by other family members and the community during post-hospitalisation, more so in the dispensation of medication should be considered highly. Notwithstanding the above, total hip replacement is becoming increasingly common. All that is required from those undertaking it is physical, psychological and social preparation.

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - Hamlet, the Melancholy

Hamlet, the Melancholy Hero  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The reader/viewer finds in Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet that the protagonist is a melancholy type; this quality remains with him from beginning to end of the tragedy. And this melancholy hero will be the subject-matter of this essay.    Harry Levin explains in the General Introduction to The Riverside Shakespeare how the dramatist employs imagery in the play to enhance the melancholic dimension of the hero:    The sphere of Shakespeare’s images is so vast and rich in itself that it has been investigated and charted for clues to his personal temperament. But though we can follow up associations of thought through his image-clusters, these are subordinated to his controlling purposes as a playwright. The imagery fulfills a structural and a thematic function, linking together a train of ideas or projecting a scheme of values. It enhances the strain of melancholy in Hamlet by dwelling on sickness and decay. . . (14).    The depressing aspect of the initial imagery of the drama is described by Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet†:    The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, while the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the hour of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a figure dressed in complete armor and with a face like that of the dead king of Denmark, Hamlet’s father (35).    Horatio and Marcellus exit the ghost-ridden ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the aid of Hamlet. The prince is dejected by the â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† of his mother to his uncle less than two months after the funeral of Hamlet’s father. There is ... ...999. Rpt. from Introduction to Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Philip Edwards. N. P.: Cambridge University P., 1985.    Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.    Mack, Maynard. â€Å"The World of Hamlet.† Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Rev. ed. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. New York: Oxford University P., 1967.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.